Low Back Disc Herniation and What to Know

Last year, each one of our Chiropractors wrote up 10 different Diagnosis Sheets for our patients. That has given us about 40 different different Diagnosis Sheets ranging in topics. Below is an informational blog from Dr. Larry Masarsky on Lumbar Disc Herniations.  Many patients deal with this condition and have no real answers to their pain. Feel free to contact us if you have any further questions on the topic.

Lumbar Disc Disorders

The lumbar spine is made up of five bone segments called vertebrae. In between each vertebrae are flexible intervertebral lumbar discs, which act as a shock absorbers for the spine. The inter-vertebral discs are composed of two components, a tough outer ring of fibrous tissue called the annulus fibrosis and a jelly-like center inside the annulus fibrosis called the nucleus pulposus. The structure is then held together by ligaments on the front and the back of the vertebrae. Additional support is provided by muscles of the trunk.

In most cases, lumbar disc disease is the result of of a normal aging process called disc degeneration which causes structural changes in the normal disc. As we age, the disc begins to lose fluid and become dried out causing the disc to compress. This may lead to the break down and degeneration of tough outer ring of the disc (annulus fibrosis) allowing the inner core (nucleus pulposus), to bulge out. This is considered a bulging disc. This puts pressure on the outer ring of the disc, which may cause low back pain. As further degeneration of the disc continues, or with continued stress on the lumbar spine, the inner jelly-like core may actually rupture out from the outer ring causing a ruptured, or herniated, disk. Once the inner nucleus herniates through the outer ring, pain in the lower back may actually improve. However, the fragmented disc material can inflame or put pressure on the spinal nerves leading to an increase in sciatic leg pain, weakness, numbness, or changes in sensation in one or both legs. Most disc herniations occur at the lower lumbar spine at L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels. Occasionally, severe trauma can cause a normal disc to herniate or may cause an already herniated disk to worsen.

Risk Factors of Lumbar Disc Disorders

●      Age and Gender - highest incidence in men between the ages of 30 and 50.

●      Obesity - being overweight puts added stress on lumbar discs.

●      Sedentary lifestyle - lack of exercise and poor core body strength.

●      Smoking - smoking decreases oxygen supply to the discs causing more rapid degeneration.

●      Improper lifting - using your back muscles instead of your legs to lift heavy objects. Twisting while lifting

●      Posture - hyperlordotic lumbar curvature, anterior pelvic tilt (lower cross syndrome).

●      Repetitive activities that strain your spine - jobs that require constant lifting, pulling, bending, or twisting.

●      Frequent driving - staying seated for long periods and the vibration from the car can put pressure on your discs.

                                                         

History and Symptoms of Lumbar Disc Disorders

Lumbar disc disorders may include one or a combination of the following symptoms: intermittent or constant lower back pain and/or pain in the buttock, leg and/or foot pain, numbness or a tingling sensation in the leg and/or foot, weakness in the leg and/or foot, decreased reflexes in the knee or ankle, and changes in bowel or bladder function. The symptoms will vary depending on if and where the disc has herniated, and what spinal nerve root is affected. Leg pain is usually greater than low back pain with disc herniations and nerve root involvement. However, if there are only annular tears without herniation, pain will generally be localized to the low back and buttock. The onset of pain can be sudden or gradual after an injury. Pain may follow heavy lifting, twisting, or straining activities or repetitive stress trauma. However, patients may not recall a prior injury or a precises time the condition began because it is often preceded by frequent episodes of less severe low back pain that usually resolved. Pain is usually characterized as a sharp, shooting, or electrical pain that may be aggravated with movement, changing positions, sneezing, coughing, or prolonged sitting and standing. The pain is usually relieved with rest and a recumbent position.

Treatment of Lumbar Disc Disorders

Conservative care should be your first course of treatment to manage lumbar disc disorders but treatment will depend on the clinical presentation, your age, overall health, and tolerance to therapies. With disc herniations, the first few days of care will focus on centralizing (reducing) leg pain, decreasing inflammation, and preventing further neurological loss by decompressing nerve root impingement and reducing the disc herniation. Osseous mobilization and manipulation, and soft tissue therapy may be administered as tolerated. Home care will consist of pain-relief repetitive positional exercises and/or lumbar stabilization exercises. We will also educate you on ways to protect your lower back, positions to avoid, and how to manage activity. In most cases, bed rest will not be recommend as the sooner you are up and moving, the better the prognosis. Once pain and inflammation has decreased, we will continue working on lumbar stabilization and progress into proprioceptive training. We will evaluate muscle imbalances using posture and movement patterns with the goal of restoring good biomechanics and core body strength. Your home care will emphasize the progression of stabilization protocols and corrective exercises. If you fail to respond to conservative treatment, or in cases of severe neurological loss, a referral for a surgical consultation will be recommended.